Jean-François Le Sueur (or Lesueur; pronounced [ʒɑ̃ fʁɑ̃swa lə sɥœʁ]) (15 February 1760 – 6 October 1837) was a French composer, best known for his oratorios and operas.
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He was born at Plessiel, a hamlet of Drucat near Abbeville, to a long-established family of Picardy, the great-nephew of the painter Eustache Le Sueur. Beginning as a chorister at the collegial church of Abbeville, then at the cathedral of Amiens, where he pursued his music studies, Le Sueur was named chorus master at the cathedral of Sées. He went to Paris to study harmony with the Abbé Nicolas Roze, chorus master at the Saints-Innocents. Le Sueur was named to positions at Dijon (1779), Le Mans (1782), then at Tours (1783) before he succeeded Roze at the Saints-Innocents at Paris. Finally in 1786, after a competition, he was made music director at Notre-Dame de Paris.
For the Feast of the Assumption, he innovated by introducing an orchestra, with great success, and his sacred concerts at the main feasts of the Church filled the cathedral to overflowing but incurred resistance in ecclesiastical circles. He replied by publishing a pamphlet Exposé d'une musique imitative et particulière à chaque solennité (1787). The cathedral chapter decided to reduce its musical budget in a time of financial crisis for France, which constrained Le Sueur to give up the important musical Masses that he specialised in, and to give up his position.
He spent some time in London, 1788-92, then returned to revolutionary Paris and gave three successful operas at the Théâtre Feydeau: La Caverne, ou le Repentir (1793), Paul et Virginie, ou le Triomphe de la vertu (1794), which was inspired by the hugely popular novel by Jacques-Henri Bernardin de Saint-Pierre, and the classical Télémaque dans l'île de Calypso, ou le Triomphe de la sagesse' (1796).
He was named professor at the Ecole de la Garde Nationale, 21 November 1793, then named Inspecteur at the newly-founded Conservatoire. In the company of Étienne Nicolas Méhul, Honoré Langlé, François-Joseph Gossec and Charles Simon Catel, he was limited to teaching elementary principles and solfège. Unable to get his operas Ossian, ou Les bardes and La mort d'Adam mounted at the Paris Opéra Le Sueur published a violent pamphlet, Projet d'un plan général de l'instruction musicale en France, attacking the Conservatoire, its methods and its director, and was discharged, 23 September 1802.
Without official appointments, Le Sueur was reduced to poverty when in 1804, Napoleon named him maître de la chapelle at the Tuileries, to replace Giovanni Paisiello. Now he was able to mount his most famous work, Ossian ou Les bardes, with great success at the Opéra and with the Emperor, who accorded the composer of his favorite opera the cross of the Légion d'honneur. Le Sueur composed the Triumphal March for the coronation of Napoleon, directed a Mass by Paisiello and a Vivat by his former master abbé Roze. In 1813, he was named to the Académie des Beaux-Arts, replacing André Grétry.
At the Restoration, he was named composer of the royal chapel and conductor of the orchestra of the Opéra. From the beginning of 1818, he taught composition at the Conservatoire, where over the years he had for pupils Hector Berlioz, Ambroise Thomas, Charles Gounod, Louis-Désiré Besozzi and Antoine François Marmontel.
He died in Paris.
| Completion | Title | Length | Première | Libretto |
| 1793 | La caverne | 3 acts | 16 February 1793, Paris, Théâtre Feydeau | Paul Dercy, after Alain-René Lesage's Gil Blas |
| 1794 | Paul et Virginie ou Le Triomphe de la vertu | 3 acts | 13 January 1794, Paris, Théâtre Feydeau | Alphonse du Congé Dubreuil, after the novel by Jacques-Henri Bernardin de Saint-Pierre |
| 1796 | Télémaque dans l'île de Calypso ou Le triomphe de la sagesse | 3 acts | 11 May 1796, Paris, Théâtre Feydeau | Paul Dercy |
| 1804 | Ossian, ou Les bardes | 5 acts | 10 July 1804, Paris, Opéra | Paul Dercy and Jacques-Marie Deschamps |
| 1807 | L'inauguration du temple de la victoire | 1 act | 2 January 1807, Paris, Opéra | Pierre Baour-Lormian, |
| 1807 | Le triomphe de Trajan [Mostly the work of Persuis] |
3 acts | 23 October 1807, Paris, Opéra | Joseph-Alphonse Esménard |
| 1809 | La mort d'Adam et son apothéose | 3 acts | 21 March 1809, Paris, Opéra | Nicolas-François Guillard after Friedrich Gottlieb Klopstock |
| unperformed | Alexandre à Babylone | 3 acts | composed 1814-1825 | Pierre Baour-Lormian |